The two retroperitoneal organs depicted in Figure 1 are pancreas and duodenum. These organs are commonly known as retroperitoneal organs. As such, organs that reside within the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity do not have any mesenteries. Most of the connections are made to the posterior rather than the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity. Mesenteries connect the gastrointestinal organs that are located within the abdominal cavity to the wall of the abdominal cavity. In order to understand abdominal visceral fat, a closer look at the anatomy of mesenteries and retroperitoneum is warranted (see Figure 1). This paper focuses specifically on the visceral fat in the abdomen. Therefore, the inference of the amount of abdominal visceral fat from waist circumference should be made cautiously, especially in women. Furthermore, the correlation of waist circumference with abdominal visceral fat is weaker in women than in men. Although waist circumference correlates strongly with total belly fat, it does not correlate as strongly with abdominal visceral fat ( Grundy et al., 2013). Of note, belly fat consists of not only abdominal visceral fat but also abdominal subcutaneous fat.
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Subcutaneous fat, which is more abundant in women ( Karastergiou et al., 2012), is located throughout the layer deep to the skin (hypodermis).Īs visceral fat in the abdomen accumulates, the belly becomes visibly bigger-a phenomenon that is commonly known as belly fat development.
The epicardial fat and the abdominal visceral fat surround the myocardia and gastrointestinal organs, respectively, and are both considered as visceral fat ( Bertaso et al., 2013 Frank et al., 2018). The fat that surrounds the internal organs is generally considered as visceral fat. Intrahepatocellular fat, intrapancreatic fat, intramyocellular fat, and intracardiomyocellular fat are all considered as ectopic fat. Ectopic fat, which is the least in quantity, is located within the internal organs. Note that body fat in adult humans consists of mostly white fat.īased on its location in the body, white fat can be further subcategorized into subcutaneous, visceral, and ectopic fat. Unlike brown and beige fat, white fat is not capable of thermogenesis. In terms of relative abundance in mitochondria, brown fat is the most abundant and white fat is the least. Types of Body Fatīody fat can be classified into brown, beige, and white fat ( Harms and Seale, 2013). Importantly, the differences between the two sexes are not only in the percentage of total body fat but also in its distribution to the different parts of the body ( Grauer et al., 1984). As the BMI increases in both sexes, the body fat percentage remains higher in women than men ( Schorr et al., 2018). Women have a higher body fat percentage than men, and men have a higher muscle mass percentage than women. The sex differences in body composition have been well established ( Karastergiou et al., 2012 Palmer and Clegg, 2015). This accumulation eventually leads to belly enlargement, which confers men their apple-shaped body. These mechanisms perhaps explain why men, through their bigger and higher production of chylomicrons, are more likely to accumulate abdominal visceral fat than pre-menopausal women.
The liberated fatty acids are then stored by the nearby abdominal visceral adipocytes, leading to the accumulation of abdominal visceral fat. In this paper, we propose that this congestion predisposes the chylomicron triglycerides to hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase (LPL). During the postprandial state, these chylomicrons congest the lamina propria and the low-pressure lymphatics. The chylomicrons in men are generally bigger in size and more in quantity than those in women.
Since dietary fat is absorbed by the enterocytes and transported to the circulation in the forms of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), it is crucial to understand how these lipoproteins are different between men and women. The accumulation of abdominal visceral fat in men, which is a strong independent predictor of mortality, is mainly due to the higher dietary fat uptake by their abdominal visceral fat. Men have a higher tendency to accumulate abdominal visceral fat compared to pre-menopausal women. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA, United States
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